Surviving on the environment
In rural areas, wealthier farmers tend to have the best land and use modern technology. Poorer people end up Surviving on the environment
In rural areas, wealthier farmers tend to have the best land and use modern technology. Poorer people end up with the less fertile, more fragile land. Many are subsistence farmers, which means they can only grow just enough food for their families, with no surplus to sell.
Environmental changes have a huge effect on their ability to survive. Cutting down trees for farming or to provide fuel for cooking or heating leaves land prone to soil erosion. This not only means that crops don’t grow as well in the depleted soil, but that heavy rains or floods are more damaging. Where trees are cut down from slopes, the soil can become unstable and cause landslides. Communities that rely on fertile flood plains for their annual crop go hungry if the rain doesn’t come, or if too much comes.
Our actions affect other lives
The whole planet is interlinked, sometimes in very complex ways. We may not see the effect of environmental damage in our own surroundings, but the damage is causing problems in other places – even other countries.
Pesticides or industrial waste that get into the waterways are killing off oceanic fish stocks. This is especially affecting people in poor countries who rely on fishing to survive.
Deforestation, particularly on slopes, means more rainwater pours into rivers, causing floods further downstream – often in vulnerable communities who live on low-lying land.
Pollution from substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl bromide – from increased car exhaust fumes and burning of fossil fuels in power plants – have contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer. Emissions of some of these substances have now been reduced, but recovery takes time.
Global warming is another major issue in the world’s growing environmental problems. Rising temperatures are already having an impact around the world. Sea levels are rising, threatening to swamp small island nations and erode coastal soils.
Global warming also affects rainfall patterns, contributing to heavy rain and floods in some regions, while causing droughts in others. (1)
Developed nations like Australia contribute significantly to the greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Heavy use of motor vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels in power plants and industrial processes are mainly to blame.
All of these factors are making the environment worse for the world’s most vulnerable people who are already struggling.
Our ecological footprint
In mid 2005, the world’s population was 6.45 billion. In the next 50 years, it is expected to grow to nine billion. (2) Clearly, this is not good news for our environment and especially for poor people who already lack the resources they need to survive.
Every person uses up a certain amount of the Earth’s finite resources. A formula has been created to work out someone’s impact on the environment based on their levels of consumption. This is called the ‘ecological footprint’.
People in wealthy countries tend to use more resources than poor countries because they can afford scarce resources and have a higher standard of living.
Studies using the ‘ecological footprint’ formula show that if everyone in the world consumed resources at the same rate as people in the richest countries, humans would need at least three planet Earths to support everyone.
Saturday, October 25, 2008
Society and Environment Notes For AMIE - 6
Environmental Degradation
When the environment becomes less valuable or damaged, environmental degradation is said to occur.
There are many forms of environmental degradation. When habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost, or natural resources are depleted, the environment is hurt.
Environmental degradation can occur naturally, or through human processes. The largest areas of concern at present are the loss of rain forests, air pollution and smog, ozone depletion, and the destruction of the marine environment.
Pollution is occurring all over the world and poisoning the planet's oceans. Even in remote areas, the effects of marine degradation are obvious. In some areas, the natural environment has been exposed to hazardous waste. In other places, major disasters such as oil spills have ruined the local environment.
CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are the primary cause of ozone depletion. When industrial processes release these chemicals, they rise into the stratosphere and degrade the ozone.
Acid rain, smog and poor air quality have been the result of air pollution. Both industrial operations and automobiles have released gigantic amounts of emissions that have intensified these problems.
Deforestation and the logging industry have destroyed many tropical rain forests around the world. This has destroyed many natural habitats, and the plants and animals native to the areas. Environmentalists are working hard to combat environmental degradation. There are countless organizations located all over the world that are dedicated to preventing the global destruction of the environment.
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Environmental degradation In brief
Environmental degradation is a global issue. Problems like global warming, deforestation, destruction of old growth forests and industrial pollution are all linked to poor use of our natural resources.
The actions of both wealthy and poor countries are responsible, yet the poorest people suffer most.
Floods and droughts that are a result of global warming are largely accelerated by pollution from wealthy countries. Unfortunately, the effects are felt most by the world’s poorest people. The environment also suffers when poor people cut down trees for fuel.
Finding sustainable environmental solutions will help reduce poverty and conserve the planet for us all – rich and poor
When the environment becomes less valuable or damaged, environmental degradation is said to occur.
There are many forms of environmental degradation. When habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost, or natural resources are depleted, the environment is hurt.
Environmental degradation can occur naturally, or through human processes. The largest areas of concern at present are the loss of rain forests, air pollution and smog, ozone depletion, and the destruction of the marine environment.
Pollution is occurring all over the world and poisoning the planet's oceans. Even in remote areas, the effects of marine degradation are obvious. In some areas, the natural environment has been exposed to hazardous waste. In other places, major disasters such as oil spills have ruined the local environment.
CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons, are the primary cause of ozone depletion. When industrial processes release these chemicals, they rise into the stratosphere and degrade the ozone.
Acid rain, smog and poor air quality have been the result of air pollution. Both industrial operations and automobiles have released gigantic amounts of emissions that have intensified these problems.
Deforestation and the logging industry have destroyed many tropical rain forests around the world. This has destroyed many natural habitats, and the plants and animals native to the areas. Environmentalists are working hard to combat environmental degradation. There are countless organizations located all over the world that are dedicated to preventing the global destruction of the environment.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental degradation In brief
Environmental degradation is a global issue. Problems like global warming, deforestation, destruction of old growth forests and industrial pollution are all linked to poor use of our natural resources.
The actions of both wealthy and poor countries are responsible, yet the poorest people suffer most.
Floods and droughts that are a result of global warming are largely accelerated by pollution from wealthy countries. Unfortunately, the effects are felt most by the world’s poorest people. The environment also suffers when poor people cut down trees for fuel.
Finding sustainable environmental solutions will help reduce poverty and conserve the planet for us all – rich and poor
Society and Environment Notes For AMIE - 5
Causes for eco-imbalance
Eco-Friendly Packaging & Eco-Mark on packages
Of late, when we see Plastic bags floating around and uncleared garbage containing beverage cartons of fruit juice, flavoured milk and used cushioning materials like thermocole, one wonders whether packaging materials are causing eco-imbalance by way of draining natural resources and causing pollution. The question arises whether is it due to the packaging materials alone or a failure of our system of clearing garbage and its disposal. Also one gets a feeling that we are over packing.
The estimate of packaging waste varies from country to country and it could be from 1% to 8% of the garbage. As such let us examine the role of packaging in our day to day life. Basically the function of packaging is for distribution and it has to protect, preserve and promote the product (3 P’s). In the case of consumer products it acts as a silent salesman and marketing tool. In particular, the wastages in perishable products vary from 5% in developed countries where adequate packaging is adopted to 25 to 30% in countries where it is inadequately packed.
As such, packaging is vital to reduce wastage, increase shelf life and cater to the market in distant places where it is not produced or manufactured. It meets the demands of society which calls for more consumer products to enhance the quality of life. In addition the packaging environment has changed due to the current marketing trends like self service and vending machines. Consequently packaging has to play the role of a silent salesman.
It has to perform the functions of creating brand image, identify quantity, usage, expiry date, etc. It should also be easily openable and disposable. The increased demand of packaged products has resulted in increased packaging waste and consequent disposable problems and effects on pollution. The enhanced consumption of packaging materials has resulted in depletion of natural resources, higher energy consumption and pollution of water and air. As such, there is a need for eco-friendly packaging.
Today in every walk of life we talk in terms of Eco-friendly and Eco-labeling.
The earlier conference in Brazil on environment has highlighted the dwindling natural resources, pollution, acid rain etc. Subsequently, the Montreal Protocol had highlighted the effects on Ozone Layer by the use of chlorofluro carbons.
In view of the growing menace of Packaging Waste, Germany, in 1991, issued an ordinance on the ‘avoidance of Packaging Waste’, which will be a trail blazer for other E.E. Countries.
With awareness of the community to changed circumstances, the use of Eco-labelled packages is bound to have an effect on the buying habits and as such the filler of the material or manufacturer should Eco-label their package which will help to reduce, recycle, reuse or recover the packaging waste.
Earlier not much thought was given on disposal of plastic material since it was mainly used for land filling. Subsequently it was noticed that over long periods of time the plastics remain as such in the landfill and it was not bio-degradable.
As a first step, considerable work was carried out by Scientists to develop bio-degradable plastic. Though it has been successfully developed, at the moment it is uneconomical. As such, more attention was given to make use of plastic waste which is eco-friendly from the point of natural resources since the basic raw material is by-product of petroleum industry. In addition the manufacture of plastics, consumes less energy and also it gives greater coverage since it affords the desired protection in very low thickness.
As such, there is considerable savings in tare weight of packaging materials. Instead of removal of huge mass of garbage, by segregation the respective materials is directly sent to the agency which recycles and recovers and pays for the same. The funds thus generated meets the cost of disposal of garbage. Examples are available where communities by co-operating in segregation of packaging wastes, generate surplus funds in addition to meeting the cost of disposal.
It is the eco-labelling of plastics by way of accepted convention, the recovery and recycling of plastics has been made easy. In advanced countries, on all plastic containers and bags there is recycling sign below which there is a number which helps in identifying the plastics to assist in recycling. In Germany, they have introduced the green dot sign by which the buyer is able to identify the package which is eco-friendly.
In addition to the above, the following steps are in vogue in advanced countries to reduce packaging wastes. Pierra J. Louis lists the following areas to achieve the above object.
1. Lowering the weight of packaging materials without decreasing the level of protection or consumer safety.
2. Avoiding over-packaging.
3. Developing new materials that are more easily recyclable.
4. Developing new recycling technologies.
5. Substitution for packages that will facilitate the collecting / sorting operations after use.
6. Switching to packaging materials and packages that can be incinerated easily without generating hazardous substances.
7. Engineering new returnable packaging systems for both consumer and industrial goods.
Pierra J Louis, General Secretary, World Packaging Organisation, President, International Packaging Club, IPC
In our country only Eco-labelling of plastic will not help unless the community takes responsibility in segregating the garbage.
We dump all the materials which we want to dispose into the garbage including food waste, garden waste, packaging waste and all unwanted materials, which cannot be recycled or recovered. Unfortunately the rag-picker selects from the garbage materials which can be easily recycled.. In addition, stray animals and crows further spread the garbage and the food waste resulting in unpleasant smell and mosquito nuisance. In advanced countries, in addition to segregating at home and industries, even offices havE suitable collection bins TO segregate the stationery waste. As such, the first and foremost requirement is segregation of garbage at domestic level, industrial units, and even in market places.
We must eco-label our plastic containers and bags according to accepted international convention as given in the following table:
1 PET POLYESTER
2 HDPE HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
3 V VINYLE (PVC)
4 LDPE LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLNE
5 PP POLYPROPYLENE
6 PS POLYSTYRENE
7 OTHERS UNCLASSIFIED
As a first step this should be introduced in the case of mineral water bottle, plastic containers for various food products and plastic bags and sachets. Only in the case of food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics virgin material should used. In other cases the packaging used should contain a major portion of recycled waste including post consumer waste and the percentage may be indicated on the package, along with the eco-label mark.
The Government should encourage recovery plants at major consumption centers and necessary incentives should be given to entrepreneurs to start these units. To cite an example, in advanced countries polyester bottles are recycled to a great extent and the products for which they are used are strapping, containers for non-food items and injection moulded industrial products. Garden wastage which occupies considerable volume should be segregated and composting facilities should be established.
In the case of secondary packaging, recent techniques such as Shrink packaging / stretch packaging should be adopted to minimize use of paper based materials to reduce garbage. In the case of transport packages wood should be used wherever it is absolutely necessary. We can minimize the use of wood by replacing wooden boxes with crates or sheathed crates.
For sheathing we should not use plywood which is not eco-friendly. Instead, we may use corrugated board or solid board made of cellulosic material. Shipping containers made of corrugated board or solid board should be used wherever possible since it can be made from recycled materials and also from agricultural waste which are replenished.
Eco-Friendly Packaging & Eco-Mark on packages
Of late, when we see Plastic bags floating around and uncleared garbage containing beverage cartons of fruit juice, flavoured milk and used cushioning materials like thermocole, one wonders whether packaging materials are causing eco-imbalance by way of draining natural resources and causing pollution. The question arises whether is it due to the packaging materials alone or a failure of our system of clearing garbage and its disposal. Also one gets a feeling that we are over packing.
The estimate of packaging waste varies from country to country and it could be from 1% to 8% of the garbage. As such let us examine the role of packaging in our day to day life. Basically the function of packaging is for distribution and it has to protect, preserve and promote the product (3 P’s). In the case of consumer products it acts as a silent salesman and marketing tool. In particular, the wastages in perishable products vary from 5% in developed countries where adequate packaging is adopted to 25 to 30% in countries where it is inadequately packed.
As such, packaging is vital to reduce wastage, increase shelf life and cater to the market in distant places where it is not produced or manufactured. It meets the demands of society which calls for more consumer products to enhance the quality of life. In addition the packaging environment has changed due to the current marketing trends like self service and vending machines. Consequently packaging has to play the role of a silent salesman.
It has to perform the functions of creating brand image, identify quantity, usage, expiry date, etc. It should also be easily openable and disposable. The increased demand of packaged products has resulted in increased packaging waste and consequent disposable problems and effects on pollution. The enhanced consumption of packaging materials has resulted in depletion of natural resources, higher energy consumption and pollution of water and air. As such, there is a need for eco-friendly packaging.
Today in every walk of life we talk in terms of Eco-friendly and Eco-labeling.
The earlier conference in Brazil on environment has highlighted the dwindling natural resources, pollution, acid rain etc. Subsequently, the Montreal Protocol had highlighted the effects on Ozone Layer by the use of chlorofluro carbons.
In view of the growing menace of Packaging Waste, Germany, in 1991, issued an ordinance on the ‘avoidance of Packaging Waste’, which will be a trail blazer for other E.E. Countries.
With awareness of the community to changed circumstances, the use of Eco-labelled packages is bound to have an effect on the buying habits and as such the filler of the material or manufacturer should Eco-label their package which will help to reduce, recycle, reuse or recover the packaging waste.
Earlier not much thought was given on disposal of plastic material since it was mainly used for land filling. Subsequently it was noticed that over long periods of time the plastics remain as such in the landfill and it was not bio-degradable.
As a first step, considerable work was carried out by Scientists to develop bio-degradable plastic. Though it has been successfully developed, at the moment it is uneconomical. As such, more attention was given to make use of plastic waste which is eco-friendly from the point of natural resources since the basic raw material is by-product of petroleum industry. In addition the manufacture of plastics, consumes less energy and also it gives greater coverage since it affords the desired protection in very low thickness.
As such, there is considerable savings in tare weight of packaging materials. Instead of removal of huge mass of garbage, by segregation the respective materials is directly sent to the agency which recycles and recovers and pays for the same. The funds thus generated meets the cost of disposal of garbage. Examples are available where communities by co-operating in segregation of packaging wastes, generate surplus funds in addition to meeting the cost of disposal.
It is the eco-labelling of plastics by way of accepted convention, the recovery and recycling of plastics has been made easy. In advanced countries, on all plastic containers and bags there is recycling sign below which there is a number which helps in identifying the plastics to assist in recycling. In Germany, they have introduced the green dot sign by which the buyer is able to identify the package which is eco-friendly.
In addition to the above, the following steps are in vogue in advanced countries to reduce packaging wastes. Pierra J. Louis lists the following areas to achieve the above object.
1. Lowering the weight of packaging materials without decreasing the level of protection or consumer safety.
2. Avoiding over-packaging.
3. Developing new materials that are more easily recyclable.
4. Developing new recycling technologies.
5. Substitution for packages that will facilitate the collecting / sorting operations after use.
6. Switching to packaging materials and packages that can be incinerated easily without generating hazardous substances.
7. Engineering new returnable packaging systems for both consumer and industrial goods.
Pierra J Louis, General Secretary, World Packaging Organisation, President, International Packaging Club, IPC
In our country only Eco-labelling of plastic will not help unless the community takes responsibility in segregating the garbage.
We dump all the materials which we want to dispose into the garbage including food waste, garden waste, packaging waste and all unwanted materials, which cannot be recycled or recovered. Unfortunately the rag-picker selects from the garbage materials which can be easily recycled.. In addition, stray animals and crows further spread the garbage and the food waste resulting in unpleasant smell and mosquito nuisance. In advanced countries, in addition to segregating at home and industries, even offices havE suitable collection bins TO segregate the stationery waste. As such, the first and foremost requirement is segregation of garbage at domestic level, industrial units, and even in market places.
We must eco-label our plastic containers and bags according to accepted international convention as given in the following table:
1 PET POLYESTER
2 HDPE HIGH DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
3 V VINYLE (PVC)
4 LDPE LOW DENSITY
POLYETHYLNE
5 PP POLYPROPYLENE
6 PS POLYSTYRENE
7 OTHERS UNCLASSIFIED
As a first step this should be introduced in the case of mineral water bottle, plastic containers for various food products and plastic bags and sachets. Only in the case of food products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics virgin material should used. In other cases the packaging used should contain a major portion of recycled waste including post consumer waste and the percentage may be indicated on the package, along with the eco-label mark.
The Government should encourage recovery plants at major consumption centers and necessary incentives should be given to entrepreneurs to start these units. To cite an example, in advanced countries polyester bottles are recycled to a great extent and the products for which they are used are strapping, containers for non-food items and injection moulded industrial products. Garden wastage which occupies considerable volume should be segregated and composting facilities should be established.
In the case of secondary packaging, recent techniques such as Shrink packaging / stretch packaging should be adopted to minimize use of paper based materials to reduce garbage. In the case of transport packages wood should be used wherever it is absolutely necessary. We can minimize the use of wood by replacing wooden boxes with crates or sheathed crates.
For sheathing we should not use plywood which is not eco-friendly. Instead, we may use corrugated board or solid board made of cellulosic material. Shipping containers made of corrugated board or solid board should be used wherever possible since it can be made from recycled materials and also from agricultural waste which are replenished.
Society and Environment Notes For AMIE - 5
Causes for eco-imbalance
Eco-Friendly Packaging & Eco-Mark on packages
Of late, when we see Plastic bags floating around and uncleared garbage containing beverage cartons of fruit juice, flavoured milk and used cushioning materials like thermocole, one wonders whether packaging materials are causing eco-imbalance by way of draining natural resources and causing pollution. The question arises whether is it due to the packaging materials alone or a failure of our system of clearing garbage and its disposal. Also one gets a feeling that we are over packing.
The estimate of packaging waste varies from country to country and it could be from 1% to 8% of the garbage. As such let us examine the role of packaging in our day to day life. Basically the function of packaging is for distribution and it has to protect, preserve and promote the product (3 P’s). In the case of consumer products it acts as a silent salesman and marketing tool. In particular, the wastages in perishable products vary from 5% in developed countries where adequate packaging is adopted to 25 to 30% in countries where it is inadequately packed.
As such, packaging is vital to reduce wastage, increase shelf life and cater to the market in distant places where it is not produced or manufactured. It meets the demands of society which calls for more consumer products to enhance the quality of life. In addition the packaging environment has changed due to the current marketing trends like self service and vending machines. Consequently packaging has to play the role of a silent salesman.
It has to perform the functions of creating brand image, identify quantity, usage, expiry date, etc. It should also be easily openable and disposable. The increased demand of packaged products has resulted in increased packaging waste and consequent disposable problems and effects on pollution. The enhanced consumption of packaging materials has resulted in depletion of natural resources, higher energy consumption and pollution of water and air. As such, there is a need for eco-friendly packaging.
Today in every walk of life we talk in terms of Eco-friendly and Eco-labeling.
The earlier conference in Brazil on environment has highlighted the dwindling natural resources, pollution, acid rain etc. Subsequently, the Montreal Protocol had highlighted the effects on Ozone Layer by the use of chlorofluro carbons.
In view of the growing menace of Packaging Waste, Germany, in 1991, issued an ordinance on the ‘avoidance of Packaging Waste’, which will be a trail blazer for other E.E. Countries.
With awareness of the community to changed circumstances, the use of Eco-labelled packages is bound to have an effect on the buying habits and as such the filler of the material or manufacturer should Eco-label their package which will help to reduce, recycle, reuse or recover the packaging waste.
Earlier not much thought was given on disposal of plastic material since it was mainly used for land filling. Subsequently it was noticed that over long periods of time the plastics remain as such in the landfill and it was not bio-degradable.
As a first step, considerable work was carried out by Scientists to develop bio-degradable plastic. Though it has been successfully developed, at the moment it is uneconomical. As such, more attention was given to make use
Eco-Friendly Packaging & Eco-Mark on packages
Of late, when we see Plastic bags floating around and uncleared garbage containing beverage cartons of fruit juice, flavoured milk and used cushioning materials like thermocole, one wonders whether packaging materials are causing eco-imbalance by way of draining natural resources and causing pollution. The question arises whether is it due to the packaging materials alone or a failure of our system of clearing garbage and its disposal. Also one gets a feeling that we are over packing.
The estimate of packaging waste varies from country to country and it could be from 1% to 8% of the garbage. As such let us examine the role of packaging in our day to day life. Basically the function of packaging is for distribution and it has to protect, preserve and promote the product (3 P’s). In the case of consumer products it acts as a silent salesman and marketing tool. In particular, the wastages in perishable products vary from 5% in developed countries where adequate packaging is adopted to 25 to 30% in countries where it is inadequately packed.
As such, packaging is vital to reduce wastage, increase shelf life and cater to the market in distant places where it is not produced or manufactured. It meets the demands of society which calls for more consumer products to enhance the quality of life. In addition the packaging environment has changed due to the current marketing trends like self service and vending machines. Consequently packaging has to play the role of a silent salesman.
It has to perform the functions of creating brand image, identify quantity, usage, expiry date, etc. It should also be easily openable and disposable. The increased demand of packaged products has resulted in increased packaging waste and consequent disposable problems and effects on pollution. The enhanced consumption of packaging materials has resulted in depletion of natural resources, higher energy consumption and pollution of water and air. As such, there is a need for eco-friendly packaging.
Today in every walk of life we talk in terms of Eco-friendly and Eco-labeling.
The earlier conference in Brazil on environment has highlighted the dwindling natural resources, pollution, acid rain etc. Subsequently, the Montreal Protocol had highlighted the effects on Ozone Layer by the use of chlorofluro carbons.
In view of the growing menace of Packaging Waste, Germany, in 1991, issued an ordinance on the ‘avoidance of Packaging Waste’, which will be a trail blazer for other E.E. Countries.
With awareness of the community to changed circumstances, the use of Eco-labelled packages is bound to have an effect on the buying habits and as such the filler of the material or manufacturer should Eco-label their package which will help to reduce, recycle, reuse or recover the packaging waste.
Earlier not much thought was given on disposal of plastic material since it was mainly used for land filling. Subsequently it was noticed that over long periods of time the plastics remain as such in the landfill and it was not bio-degradable.
As a first step, considerable work was carried out by Scientists to develop bio-degradable plastic. Though it has been successfully developed, at the moment it is uneconomical. As such, more attention was given to make use
Society and Environment Notes For AMIE - 3
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
The cycle is usually thought of as four major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere (which usually includes freshwater systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon), the oceans (which includes dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota), and the sediments (which includes fossil fuels).
The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth, but the deep ocean part of this pool does not rapidly exchange with the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere:
Carbon exists in the Earth's atmosphere primarily as the gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Although it is a very small part of the atmosphere overall (approximately 0.04% on a molar basis, though rising), it plays an important role in supporting life. Other gases containing carbon in the atmosphere are methane and chlorofluorocarbons (the latter is entirely anthropogenic). The overall atmospheric concentration of these greenhouse gases has been increasing in recent decades, contributing to global warming.[1]
In the biosphere:
Around 1,900 gigatons of carbon are present in the biosphere. Carbon is an essential part of life on Earth. It plays an important role in the structure, biochemistry, and nutrition of all living cells.
In the oceans:
The seas contain around 36,000 gigatonnes of carbon, mostly in the form of bicarbonate ion. Inorganic carbon, that is carbon compounds with no carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, is important in its reactions within water. This carbon exchange becomes important in controlling pH in the ocean and can also vary as a source or sink for carbon. Carbon is readily exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean. In regions of oceanic upwelling, carbon is released to the atmosphere. Conversely, regions of downwelling transfer carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere to the ocean.
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
The cycle is usually thought of as four major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere (which usually includes freshwater systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon), the oceans (which includes dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota), and the sediments (which includes fossil fuels).
The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth, but the deep ocean part of this pool does not rapidly exchange with the atmosphere.
In the atmosphere:
Carbon exists in the Earth's atmosphere primarily as the gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Although it is a very small part of the atmosphere overall (approximately 0.04% on a molar basis, though rising), it plays an important role in supporting life. Other gases containing carbon in the atmosphere are methane and chlorofluorocarbons (the latter is entirely anthropogenic). The overall atmospheric concentration of these greenhouse gases has been increasing in recent decades, contributing to global warming.[1]
In the biosphere:
Around 1,900 gigatons of carbon are present in the biosphere. Carbon is an essential part of life on Earth. It plays an important role in the structure, biochemistry, and nutrition of all living cells.
In the oceans:
The seas contain around 36,000 gigatonnes of carbon, mostly in the form of bicarbonate ion. Inorganic carbon, that is carbon compounds with no carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds, is important in its reactions within water. This carbon exchange becomes important in controlling pH in the ocean and can also vary as a source or sink for carbon. Carbon is readily exchanged between the atmosphere and ocean. In regions of oceanic upwelling, carbon is released to the atmosphere. Conversely, regions of downwelling transfer carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere to the ocean.
Society and Environment Notes For AMIE-2
Biosphere cycle
The biosphere is the relatively thin stratum of the Earth’s surface and upper water layer that contains the total mass of living organisms, which process and recycle the energy and nutrients available from the environment.
The whole Earth is an ecosystem, a system of give and take among plants, animals and their surroundings. As in any system, whatever happens to one part of an ecosystem affects its other parts. Materials are cycled from soil, water and air through the plants and animals and then back to the soil, water and air.
The energy that operates the ecosystem originates in the sun. This solar energy is trapped by green plants in the food they manufacture during the process of photosynthesis. The energy is needed to hold atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements together in the compounds we call food. As the food is used by the plants, by animals that eat the plants and by animals that eat other animals, energy is released and used. As carbon and other elements are cycled through the plants and animals and back into the soil, water and air, energy dissipates.
An understanding of the biosphere involves the study not only of its constituent organisms but also the cycles by which energy and essential substances are transferred among species and between the biotic and abiotic segments of the environment. Photosynthesis, for example, the first stage in the conversion of solar energy into usable nutrients, operates at maximum efficiency of three (3) per cent. At each stage in the transfer of this energy through the consumption of plants by animals, efficiency declines.
In order for an organism to make the most efficient use of the energy it consumes, it must regulate its activity within an environment that supplies the temperature and the amounts of sunlight, water, and essential elements optimal for its species. As energy flows in a single direction from solar radiation through plants and animals to humans and is dissipated at each successive stage, the chemical elements essential for life cycle through the biotic community. Gaseous elements are generally transferred through the atmosphere or hydrosphere, and the mineral elements such as magnesium, boron, sulfur, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus are absorbed through the soil and transmitted by water to plants and animals.
Oxygen, for example, is cycled as an element of water and of mineral compounds, and it is released into the atmosphere in its free form by photosynthesis. Most important of all, perhaps, is the cycle of water, a substance necessary for all life forms and a principal determinant of the climatic conditions suitable for each species. Water is circulated primarily through evaporation and precipitation and distributed chiefly as a liquid over much of the Earth’s surface, or as atmospheric water vapour. It is absorbed directly by plants and animals in both liquid and gaseous states and is released through respiration, perspiration, elimination, and, in plants, transpiration. Besides its importance as a component of all organisms, it also serves as a medium for the transference of nutrients and assists in the regulation of internal conditions such as body temperature.
The biosphere is the relatively thin stratum of the Earth’s surface and upper water layer that contains the total mass of living organisms, which process and recycle the energy and nutrients available from the environment.
The whole Earth is an ecosystem, a system of give and take among plants, animals and their surroundings. As in any system, whatever happens to one part of an ecosystem affects its other parts. Materials are cycled from soil, water and air through the plants and animals and then back to the soil, water and air.
The energy that operates the ecosystem originates in the sun. This solar energy is trapped by green plants in the food they manufacture during the process of photosynthesis. The energy is needed to hold atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements together in the compounds we call food. As the food is used by the plants, by animals that eat the plants and by animals that eat other animals, energy is released and used. As carbon and other elements are cycled through the plants and animals and back into the soil, water and air, energy dissipates.
An understanding of the biosphere involves the study not only of its constituent organisms but also the cycles by which energy and essential substances are transferred among species and between the biotic and abiotic segments of the environment. Photosynthesis, for example, the first stage in the conversion of solar energy into usable nutrients, operates at maximum efficiency of three (3) per cent. At each stage in the transfer of this energy through the consumption of plants by animals, efficiency declines.
In order for an organism to make the most efficient use of the energy it consumes, it must regulate its activity within an environment that supplies the temperature and the amounts of sunlight, water, and essential elements optimal for its species. As energy flows in a single direction from solar radiation through plants and animals to humans and is dissipated at each successive stage, the chemical elements essential for life cycle through the biotic community. Gaseous elements are generally transferred through the atmosphere or hydrosphere, and the mineral elements such as magnesium, boron, sulfur, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus are absorbed through the soil and transmitted by water to plants and animals.
Oxygen, for example, is cycled as an element of water and of mineral compounds, and it is released into the atmosphere in its free form by photosynthesis. Most important of all, perhaps, is the cycle of water, a substance necessary for all life forms and a principal determinant of the climatic conditions suitable for each species. Water is circulated primarily through evaporation and precipitation and distributed chiefly as a liquid over much of the Earth’s surface, or as atmospheric water vapour. It is absorbed directly by plants and animals in both liquid and gaseous states and is released through respiration, perspiration, elimination, and, in plants, transpiration. Besides its importance as a component of all organisms, it also serves as a medium for the transference of nutrients and assists in the regulation of internal conditions such as body temperature.
Society and Environment Notes for AMIE
Definition of Sociology
1. Do you agree with the statement that sociology is the study of social relationship? (Winter 2006)
Yes I agree with the statement.
The term sociolgy finds its origin in Latin word 'societus' which means society.
Thus Sociology means basically science of society. It is thus a webb of human inter-action and inter-relations. It is study of man's behavior in groups and in the society as a whole.
Sociology is the study of society and human social interaction. Sociological research ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes.
The field focuses on how and why people are organized in society, either as individuals or as members of associations, groups, and institutions. Someone working in the field of sociology is called a sociologist. As an academic discipline, sociology is considered a social science.
Some of the Important definitions of term 'sociology 'are giaven below.
Giddings:
Socialogy is scientific study of society. Thus according to him, s asubject which scientifically studeis society is a sociology.
H. P. Fairchild:
Socialogy is a study of relationships between man and human behaviour. This definition lays stress on the proper study of human relations and behaviours.
Maclver:
Sociology is about social relationship, the network of relationships we call society.
Ogburn:
Socialogy is concerned with the study of a social life of man andits relations to factors of culture, natural environments heridity and group.
All the above definitions made it clear that Socialogy is the study of Social relationships.
1. Do you agree with the statement that sociology is the study of social relationship? (Winter 2006)
Yes I agree with the statement.
The term sociolgy finds its origin in Latin word 'societus' which means society.
Thus Sociology means basically science of society. It is thus a webb of human inter-action and inter-relations. It is study of man's behavior in groups and in the society as a whole.
Sociology is the study of society and human social interaction. Sociological research ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes.
The field focuses on how and why people are organized in society, either as individuals or as members of associations, groups, and institutions. Someone working in the field of sociology is called a sociologist. As an academic discipline, sociology is considered a social science.
Some of the Important definitions of term 'sociology 'are giaven below.
Giddings:
Socialogy is scientific study of society. Thus according to him, s asubject which scientifically studeis society is a sociology.
H. P. Fairchild:
Socialogy is a study of relationships between man and human behaviour. This definition lays stress on the proper study of human relations and behaviours.
Maclver:
Sociology is about social relationship, the network of relationships we call society.
Ogburn:
Socialogy is concerned with the study of a social life of man andits relations to factors of culture, natural environments heridity and group.
All the above definitions made it clear that Socialogy is the study of Social relationships.
Study Material for diploma stream
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
COURSE FEE
COURSE FEE
When joining for correspondence course, you will get study materials of the 4 common
subject of Section A.. The course fee for these four subjects in Rs 3000/- all those who join the correspondence course will get study materials, Question bank etc of the following subjects.
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
Those who need Previous questions bank should remit Rs 250/- extra. The prices mentioned above include postage.
STUDY MATERIALS
The printed study materials were prepared by a team of teachers who had long periods of teaching experience exclusively in AMIE. The materials are available in neatly printed and bound form .Each topic in the materials is presented in a self-explanatory style, with a number of necessary figures, tables etc.
When joining for correspondence course, you will get study materials of the 4 common
subject of Section A.. The course fee for these four subjects in Rs 3000/- all those who join the correspondence course will get study materials, Question bank etc of the following subjects.
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
Those who need Previous questions bank should remit Rs 250/- extra. The prices mentioned above include postage.
STUDY MATERIALS
The printed study materials were prepared by a team of teachers who had long periods of teaching experience exclusively in AMIE. The materials are available in neatly printed and bound form .Each topic in the materials is presented in a self-explanatory style, with a number of necessary figures, tables etc.
WHEN TO START STUDIES ?
WHEN TO START STUDIES ?
Postal class for December and June 2008 examination has already started. Since AMIE is a programme that demands systematic study, you have to start your studies on the very day you decide to join for the course, without waiting for registration formalities. This is very important for employed students, because in their case they may not get sufficient time for preparation due to their job-related responsibilities. Hence, Those who wish to register for AMIE later can also join our correspondence course now. This will save their time. On the other hand, if you join our course only after getting registration, you will hardly get one month for preparing for examination.
(This is because normally you will get registration confirmation letter about one month prior to commencement of examination)
Postal class for December and June 2008 examination has already started. Since AMIE is a programme that demands systematic study, you have to start your studies on the very day you decide to join for the course, without waiting for registration formalities. This is very important for employed students, because in their case they may not get sufficient time for preparation due to their job-related responsibilities. Hence, Those who wish to register for AMIE later can also join our correspondence course now. This will save their time. On the other hand, if you join our course only after getting registration, you will hardly get one month for preparing for examination.
(This is because normally you will get registration confirmation letter about one month prior to commencement of examination)
HOW TO STUDY?
HOW TO STUDY?
The success in AMIE lies in the systematic study. For the convenience of students,
ENGINEERS ACADEMY, Calicut conducts regular, evening and postal classes, at a nominal fees rate.
CORRESPONDENCE COURSE
Since a number of students have repeatedly requested, we have arranged correspondence course for outstation students.
This course has been designed to suit particularly employed students. That means, by
making use of this programme, you will be able to continue with their job, at the same time you will get the equal benefit of joining regular classroom coaching.
Students joining for the correspondence course will get the specially prepared study
materials, questions bank etc. So by systematically following our instruction you can pass AMIE course in the minimum time.
In preparing the study materials, special care has been taken, to present each topic in a illustrated and self-taught style. Positive feedback that we received from our students shows that these materials will certainly prove beneficial to all types of students
The success in AMIE lies in the systematic study. For the convenience of students,
ENGINEERS ACADEMY, Calicut conducts regular, evening and postal classes, at a nominal fees rate.
CORRESPONDENCE COURSE
Since a number of students have repeatedly requested, we have arranged correspondence course for outstation students.
This course has been designed to suit particularly employed students. That means, by
making use of this programme, you will be able to continue with their job, at the same time you will get the equal benefit of joining regular classroom coaching.
Students joining for the correspondence course will get the specially prepared study
materials, questions bank etc. So by systematically following our instruction you can pass AMIE course in the minimum time.
In preparing the study materials, special care has been taken, to present each topic in a illustrated and self-taught style. Positive feedback that we received from our students shows that these materials will certainly prove beneficial to all types of students
Friday, October 24, 2008
HOW TO JOIN AMIE?
For appearing AMIE examinations, one should get membership with Institution of
Engineers. In order to get membership you should apply in the prescribed application form. Application form for membership registration can be had directly from any of the local centers of Institution of Engineers at a cost of 100/-.
Diploma holders should apply for senior Technician Membership, and +2 (or equivalent)
holders should apply for Technician membership.
If you haven’t applied for registration so far, do it before August 2008, so that you may be eligible to appear for next examination in December 2008. Once you submitted the application form for registration, you must wait for at least 3 months for getting your registration confirmation letter. But if you have properly filled up the form and have remitted the correct amount of registration fee (Rs 3565/-), then definitely you will get the registration.
Documents Required
Along with the application form, you should attach the following.
1. Two passport size photographs to be affixed on the application form.
2. Attested copy of Matriculation/School leaving certificate to prove your age.
3. Attested copy of +2/HSC certificate (if applicable) to prove your educational qualification.
4. Attested copy of you Diploma certificate and marks sheet (if applicable) to prove your
educational qualification.
5. Demand draft of Rs 3565/- drawn in favour of ‘Institution of Engineers (India)’, Payable at Kolkota.
6. Write your name and address on the reverse of the Demand Draft.
7. Keep a Xerox copy of all that you send.
8. Get your qualification and identity verified by any AMIE/MIE/FIE holder. In order to do
this you have to conduct any AMIE/MIE/FIE holder and he will attest your photograph on the application form, and on production of your certificate he will verify your qualification on the space provided on the application form. Regarding this attestation you can contact any local/State centre nearest to you.
9. Send this application form to IEI, Kolkota at the earliest. If the application form reaches there before August, you will be eligible to appear for December examination.
Once you send the application form to Kolkota, you may not get any correspondence
from there for 2 to 3 months. This doesn’t mean that your application was not considered. Normally it takes 2 to 3 months to process your application form. During processing your application form, first your will get an acknowledgement letter mentioning your ‘RS number’. You can note this number for further enquiry regarding your membership (only if it gets delayed too much).
Engineers. In order to get membership you should apply in the prescribed application form. Application form for membership registration can be had directly from any of the local centers of Institution of Engineers at a cost of 100/-.
Diploma holders should apply for senior Technician Membership, and +2 (or equivalent)
holders should apply for Technician membership.
If you haven’t applied for registration so far, do it before August 2008, so that you may be eligible to appear for next examination in December 2008. Once you submitted the application form for registration, you must wait for at least 3 months for getting your registration confirmation letter. But if you have properly filled up the form and have remitted the correct amount of registration fee (Rs 3565/-), then definitely you will get the registration.
Documents Required
Along with the application form, you should attach the following.
1. Two passport size photographs to be affixed on the application form.
2. Attested copy of Matriculation/School leaving certificate to prove your age.
3. Attested copy of +2/HSC certificate (if applicable) to prove your educational qualification.
4. Attested copy of you Diploma certificate and marks sheet (if applicable) to prove your
educational qualification.
5. Demand draft of Rs 3565/- drawn in favour of ‘Institution of Engineers (India)’, Payable at Kolkota.
6. Write your name and address on the reverse of the Demand Draft.
7. Keep a Xerox copy of all that you send.
8. Get your qualification and identity verified by any AMIE/MIE/FIE holder. In order to do
this you have to conduct any AMIE/MIE/FIE holder and he will attest your photograph on the application form, and on production of your certificate he will verify your qualification on the space provided on the application form. Regarding this attestation you can contact any local/State centre nearest to you.
9. Send this application form to IEI, Kolkota at the earliest. If the application form reaches there before August, you will be eligible to appear for December examination.
Once you send the application form to Kolkota, you may not get any correspondence
from there for 2 to 3 months. This doesn’t mean that your application was not considered. Normally it takes 2 to 3 months to process your application form. During processing your application form, first your will get an acknowledgement letter mentioning your ‘RS number’. You can note this number for further enquiry regarding your membership (only if it gets delayed too much).
SYLLABUS OF AMIE
SYLLABUS
The syllabus of AMIE is more or less similar to B.E/B.Tech. But the number of subjects in AMIE is very less. The AMIE syllabus has two parts:- Section A and Section B (similar to First year , Second year etc. of any formal degree course). Those who join for AMIE should first study Section A subjects, and after passing Section B he should study Section B. In Section A we study some subjects which are fundamental to engineering. In section B, we make specialized study in our chosen branch of engineering. When a student clears all subjects in both sections A and B. he is
said to have passed A.M.I.E examination and becomes a graduate engineer.
Based on ones qualification, the number of subjects that a student studies in Section A
varies. A diploma holder need to study only 4 subjects in Section A, while a non-diploma/+2 holder studies 10 subjects in Section A.
Following are the subjects in Section A
For Diploma holders:
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
For +2 or eqlnt holders :
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
5. Mechanical science
6. Engineering Physics and Chemistry
7. Engineering Drawing and Graphics
8. Electronics and Instrumentation
9. Engineering Mathematics
10. Electrical Science.
On completion of section A, a student takes admission to Section B. In section B, student is asked to select a branch of engineering. Following are the engineering branches available.
1. Electronics and communication Engineering
2. Electrical Engineering
3. Computer Science and Engineering
4. Civil Engineering
5. Mechanical Engineering
6. Production Engineering
7. Chemical Engineering
8. Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
9. Mining Engineering
10. Production Engineering
11. Textile Engineering
12. Architectural Engineering.
Of the above engineering branches available, a student can choose ANY branch as he
wishes, without any criteria. This is one of the attractions of AMIE. For example, a student studied Automobile engineering in Diploma level can choose Computer Science or Electronics etc in AMIE !!!!
Both Diploma and Non-diploma holders should study 9 subjects in Section B. In order to impart practical knowledge, the Institution of Engineers has included project work and lab experiments as part of section B syllabus.
In short, a +2 holder can complete AMIE by clearing just 10 + 9 = 19 subjects, whereas for a diploma holder, the total subject is 4 + 9 = 13 only.
The project work may be done in the same firm/company where the student is presently engaged in. For carrying out laboratory experiment, the Institution of Engineers will contact the authorities of some engineering college/similar technical institution nearest to the location of the student and make necessary arrangement. For this, a nominal fee of Rs 1000/- will be charged from the student.
DURATION:
The attraction of AMIE is its flexibility in completion time. Apart from conventional
courses, the AMIE doesn’t have a fixed ‘completion time’. Normally 6 years are available for clearing Section A subjects and another 6 years for completing Section B.
EXAMINATION:
AMIE examinations are conducted in the first week of June and December every year.
There are a lot of examination centers in India and Abroad. A student can appear for maximum 4 subjects at a time. Thus, a diploma holder can write all the 4 subjects of Section A in single appearance. Examination fee is Rs 1200/- per appearance (not per subject). The examination center need be selected only at the time of submitting application form for examination.
The syllabus of AMIE is more or less similar to B.E/B.Tech. But the number of subjects in AMIE is very less. The AMIE syllabus has two parts:- Section A and Section B (similar to First year , Second year etc. of any formal degree course). Those who join for AMIE should first study Section A subjects, and after passing Section B he should study Section B. In Section A we study some subjects which are fundamental to engineering. In section B, we make specialized study in our chosen branch of engineering. When a student clears all subjects in both sections A and B. he is
said to have passed A.M.I.E examination and becomes a graduate engineer.
Based on ones qualification, the number of subjects that a student studies in Section A
varies. A diploma holder need to study only 4 subjects in Section A, while a non-diploma/+2 holder studies 10 subjects in Section A.
Following are the subjects in Section A
For Diploma holders:
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
For +2 or eqlnt holders :
1. Fundamentals of Design and Manufacturing
2. Material Science and Engineering
3. Computing and Informatics
4. Society and Environment
5. Mechanical science
6. Engineering Physics and Chemistry
7. Engineering Drawing and Graphics
8. Electronics and Instrumentation
9. Engineering Mathematics
10. Electrical Science.
On completion of section A, a student takes admission to Section B. In section B, student is asked to select a branch of engineering. Following are the engineering branches available.
1. Electronics and communication Engineering
2. Electrical Engineering
3. Computer Science and Engineering
4. Civil Engineering
5. Mechanical Engineering
6. Production Engineering
7. Chemical Engineering
8. Materials and Metallurgical Engineering
9. Mining Engineering
10. Production Engineering
11. Textile Engineering
12. Architectural Engineering.
Of the above engineering branches available, a student can choose ANY branch as he
wishes, without any criteria. This is one of the attractions of AMIE. For example, a student studied Automobile engineering in Diploma level can choose Computer Science or Electronics etc in AMIE !!!!
Both Diploma and Non-diploma holders should study 9 subjects in Section B. In order to impart practical knowledge, the Institution of Engineers has included project work and lab experiments as part of section B syllabus.
In short, a +2 holder can complete AMIE by clearing just 10 + 9 = 19 subjects, whereas for a diploma holder, the total subject is 4 + 9 = 13 only.
The project work may be done in the same firm/company where the student is presently engaged in. For carrying out laboratory experiment, the Institution of Engineers will contact the authorities of some engineering college/similar technical institution nearest to the location of the student and make necessary arrangement. For this, a nominal fee of Rs 1000/- will be charged from the student.
DURATION:
The attraction of AMIE is its flexibility in completion time. Apart from conventional
courses, the AMIE doesn’t have a fixed ‘completion time’. Normally 6 years are available for clearing Section A subjects and another 6 years for completing Section B.
EXAMINATION:
AMIE examinations are conducted in the first week of June and December every year.
There are a lot of examination centers in India and Abroad. A student can appear for maximum 4 subjects at a time. Thus, a diploma holder can write all the 4 subjects of Section A in single appearance. Examination fee is Rs 1200/- per appearance (not per subject). The examination center need be selected only at the time of submitting application form for examination.
Who Can Study AMIE ?
Those who wish to do AMIE must passes any one of the following qualifications.
1. A recognized 3-year Polytechnic Diploma or its equivalent in any branch of engineering.
(No marks restriction)
OR
2. +2/HSC/PDC with Physics, Chemistry& Maths with minimum 45% marks.
If you possess any qualification equivalent to the above, still then you are eligible to apply for
AMIE.
Those who pursue AMIE after their Diploma course are usually known as Diploma
Stream Students, and others are known as Non-Diploma Stream Students.
1. A recognized 3-year Polytechnic Diploma or its equivalent in any branch of engineering.
(No marks restriction)
OR
2. +2/HSC/PDC with Physics, Chemistry& Maths with minimum 45% marks.
If you possess any qualification equivalent to the above, still then you are eligible to apply for
AMIE.
Those who pursue AMIE after their Diploma course are usually known as Diploma
Stream Students, and others are known as Non-Diploma Stream Students.
What is AMIE?
AMIE stands for Associate Member of Institution of Engineers. Simply speaking, it is an
engineering degree course recognized by all State Governments, Central Govt., UPSC etc as
equivalent to B.E/B.Tech. That means, those who successfully complete AMIE will get equal
opportunities for job as well as higher education, just like a B.E or B.Tech holder. The Institution of
Engineers (India), the largest multidisciplinary body of engineers in the country is the body that
prepares syllabus, conducts examination and issue certificates etc. of AMIE.
It is nonformal
The attraction with AMIE is that it is a nonformal course. Hence, anyone who meets the
specified educational qualification and a keen desire to become a graduate engineer can do this
course in the least possible time! This course is especially suitable for employed person, as they can
study this course without being interfering their job, whether they are in India or abroad .
engineering degree course recognized by all State Governments, Central Govt., UPSC etc as
equivalent to B.E/B.Tech. That means, those who successfully complete AMIE will get equal
opportunities for job as well as higher education, just like a B.E or B.Tech holder. The Institution of
Engineers (India), the largest multidisciplinary body of engineers in the country is the body that
prepares syllabus, conducts examination and issue certificates etc. of AMIE.
It is nonformal
The attraction with AMIE is that it is a nonformal course. Hence, anyone who meets the
specified educational qualification and a keen desire to become a graduate engineer can do this
course in the least possible time! This course is especially suitable for employed person, as they can
study this course without being interfering their job, whether they are in India or abroad .
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